[69], According to historian Firas Alkhateeb, "When one reads Imam al-Ghazali’s works at a very superficial level, one can easily misunderstand what he is saying as anti-scientific in general. [70] This position is being increasingly challenged, however. [41] Al-Ghazali gave as an example of the illusion of independent laws of cause the fact that cotton burns when coming into contact with fire. Persian Sunni muslim philosopher, theologian, jurist, logician and mystic, Abu Hamed Al-Ghazālī in Arabic calligraphy, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad aṭ-Ṭūsī al-Ġaz(z)ālī, Persian Islamic theologian, jurist, philosopher and mystic, Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence, أَبُو حَامِدٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ ٱلطُّوسِيُّ ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ. How many a simple explanation has he given us of what was hard to fathom, with brief elucidation and clear solution of knotty problems. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Prof. Muhammad’s connections and jobs at similar companies. The language and the contents of some passages are similar to the Kimyaye Sa'adat. "[37] After some time in Damascus and Jerusalem, with a visit to Medina and Mecca in 1096, he returned to Tus to spend the next several years in 'uzla (seclusion). It contains the stories of pre-Islamic kings of Persia, especially those of Anoshervān. Tafsir, Hadith, Fiqh, Usul al-Fiqh, Kalam, Sirah, Tasawwuf, Akhlaq, History, … After the death of Al-Ghazali, it is believed there followed a long era in which there was a notable absence of Islamic philosophers, contributing to the status of Ghazali in the modern era. "[59] Al-Ghazili's reasoning on the use of intellect in combination with the rational and spiritual is an integral part of Muslim society today. Al-Ghazali regagne Bagdad en 1097 et continue à vivre comme un soufi dans le ribat d'Abou Saïd de Naysabur, qui se trouve en face de la madrasa Nizamiyya. [citation needed], A posthumous tradition, the authenticity of which has been questioned in recent scholarship, is that his father, a man "of Persian descent,"[36] died in poverty and left the young al-Ghazali and his brother Ahmad to the care of a Sufi. https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Ghazali, Center for Islam and Science - Biography of Muhammad al-Ghazali, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Abu Ḥamid Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Al-Tūsī Al-°Ghazālī, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Biography of Al-Ghazali, al-Ghazali - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Al-Ghazali reluctantly capitulated in 1106, fearing rightly that he and his teachings would meet with resistance and controversy. Al-Ghazālī, also spelled al-Ghazzālī, in full Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsī al-Ghazālī, (born 1058, Ṭūs, Iran—died December 18, 1111, Ṭūs), Muslim theologian and mystic whose great work, Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn (“The Revival of the Religious Sciences”), made Sufism (Islamic mysticism) an acceptable part of orthodox Islam. The second installment is called Knowledge of God, where Al-Ghazali states that the events that occur during one's life are meant to point an individual towards God, and that God will always be strong, no matter how far humans deviate from His will. Al-Ghazali mentioned the number of his works "more than 70" in one of his letters to Sultan Sanjar in the late years of his life. Conversely, he discouraged people from purchasing or possessing excessive material items, suggesting that any additional money earned could be given to provide for the poor. [34] In Ghazali's view, only the Prophet himself could deem a faithfully practicing Muslim an infidel, and his work was a reaction to the religious persecution and strife that occurred often during this time period between various Islamic sects. William James, in Varieties of Religious Experience, considered the autobiography an important document for "the purely literary student who would like to become acquainted with the inwardness of religions other than the Christian" because of the scarcity of recorded personal religious confessions and autobiographical literature from this period outside the Christian tradition. According to biographer Duncan B. Macdonald, the purpose of abstaining from scholastic work was to confront the spiritual experience and more ordinary understanding of "the Word and the Traditions. Whereas the teacher guides the student and takes the role of a father figure and offers council to the student, and the student respects the teacher as a patriarch. [53] Al-Ghazali distributed his book The Incoherence of Philosophers, set apart as the defining moment in Islamic epistemology. "[73] He argued that subsistence living, or living in a way that provides the basic necessities for only one's family, would not be an acceptable practice to be held by the general population because of the detrimental results that he believed that would bring upon the economy, but he acknowledged that some people may choose to live the subsistence lifestyle at their own will for the sake of their personal religious journey. He underwent a spiritual crisis in 1095, abandoned his career and left Baghdad on the pretext of going on pilgrimage to Mecca. Harding, Karen (Summer 1993), "Causality Then and Now: Al Ghazali and Quantum Theory" (PDF), The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 10 (2). Dort lernte er den Koran auswendig. This period has tentatively been called the Golden Age of Arabic philosophy (Gutas 2002). Al-Ghazali, Abu-Hamid bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad (Arabă: أبو حامد محمد بن محمد بن محمد بن أحمد الغزالي الشافعي n. 1058 - d. 1111), cunoscut în perioda medievală europeană sub numele Algazel, a fost un teolog, mistic și filosof musulman Al-Ghazali on Disciplining the Soul and on Breaking the Two Desires: Books XXII and XXIII of the Revival of the Religious Sciences: al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad, Winter, T. J.: 9780946621422: Books - … He emphasized incorporating physical fitness such as games that were important in the development of young minds to attract the idea of attending schools and maintaining an education. Although al-Ghazali said that he has composed more than 70 books, attributed to him are more than 400 books. He worked to influence and develop a program to mold the young minds of children at an early age to develop their mind and character. He used moderation, being quiet but decisive in silencing an adversary, though his words were like a sharp sword-thrust in refuting a slanderer and protecting the high-road of guidance. Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad al Ghazali ath-Thusi asy-Syafi’i adalah seorang filosof dan teolog muslim Persia, yang dikenal sebagai Algazel di dunia Barat abad Pertengahan. [48]:307, Another of al-Ghazali's major works is Ihya' Ulum al-Din or Ihya'u Ulumiddin (The Revival of Religious Sciences). In the edition published by Jalāluddīn Humāyī, the book consists of two parts of which only the first can reliably be attributed to al-Ghazali. Abu Hamid al-Ghazālī (450-505 AH/1058-1111 AD) [aka: al-Ghazzālī , Algazel ] is one of the great jurists, theologians and mystics of the 6th/12th century. He was born in Tabaran, a town in the district of Tus, Khorasan (now part of Iran), not long after Seljuk captured Baghdad from the Shia Buyid and established a Sunni Caliphate under a commission from the Abbasid D… Translated into English by Mohammed Asim Bilal and available at, "Ghazâlî had successfully introduced logic into the madrasa (though it was studied in other venues as well (Endress 2006)). He was also the first to present a formal description of Sufism in his works. He wrote with feelings and never hesitated to state the truth clear and open. In this book the author provides a translation of some of his works, including his spiritual autobiography. Al-Ghazali was one of the great Muslim theologians. From a similar standpoint he wrote a polemical work against the militant sect of the Assassins (Nizārī Ismāʿīliyyah), and he also wrote (if it is authentic) a criticism of Christianity, as well as a book of Counsel for Kings (Naṣīḥat al-mulūk). As a scholar of Sunni Islam, he belonged to the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence and to the Asharite school of theology. Diese absolvierte er 1937. While it might seem as though a natural law was at work, it happened each and every time only because God willed it to happen—the event was "a direct product of divine intervention as any more attention grabbing miracle". Apart from Kimya, the most celebrated of al-Ghazali's works in Persian is 'Nasīhatul Mulūk (The Counseling Kings), written most probably for Sultan Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malekshah. Ghazali counters this by first stating that if the world was created with exact boundaries, then in its current form there would be no need for a time before the creation of the world by God. "[42] Bibliographies have been published by William Montgomery Watt (The Works Attributed to Al-Ghazali), Maurice Bouyges (Essai de chronologie des oeuvres d'Al-Ghazali) and others. [66][67], Also a widely considered Sunni scholar, Al Dhahabi in, his praise of Al Ghazali, wrote: “Al-Ghazzaali, the imaam and shaykh, the prominent scholar, Hujjat al-Islam, the wonder of his time, Zayn al-Deen Abu Haamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Toosi al-Shaafa’i al-Ghazzaali, the author of many books and one possessed of utter intelligence. His theory and study on jurisprudence, theology and mysticism has been his benchmark. Ghazali emphasized the importance that there should be a dual respect in regard to the teacher and the pupil. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Al-Ghazali's contemporary and first biographer, 'Abd al-Ghafir al-Farisi, records merely that al-Ghazali began to receive instruction in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) from Ahmad al-Radhakani, a local teacher. View Prof. Muhammad Al-Ghazali’s profile on LinkedIn, the world’s largest professional community. [56], His influences and impact on Sufi thought and Islam at large during the 11th century has been a subject of debate in contemporary times. The two old friends were still taking opposite lines, but both spoke out in … Then she emphasizes, "The greatest of these Christian writers who was influenced by al-Ghazali was St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), who made a study of the Arabic writers and admitted his indebtedness to them, having studied at the University of Naples where the influence of Arab literature and culture was predominant at the time." By issuing such a warning, al-Ghazali is in fact protecting the scientific enterprise for future generations by insulating it from being mixed with theoretical philosophy that could eventually dilute science itself to a field based on conjecture and reasoning alone. Al-Ghazali's influence was not limited to Islam, but in fact his works were widely circulated among Christian and Hebrew scholars and philosophers. He recognized the necessity of trade and its overall beneficial effect on the economy, but making money in that way might not be considered the most virtuous in his beliefs. It's also important to note here that Ghazali draws from Greek as well as Islamic philosophy in crafting this literary staple, even though much of The Incoherence of the Philosophers, his most well known work, takes a critical aim at their perspective. In his writings he placed this responsibility upon the teachers. Biografia. Masyarakat setempat mengenal ayahnya tidak hanya sebagai pedagang, tetapi juga penghafal Alquran. The book is divided into four different sections. These two chapters were the 22nd and 23rd chapters, respectively, in Ghazali's Revival of the Religious Sciences[52]. It is al-Ghazali's own Persian version of Ihya'ul ulumuddin (The Revival of Religious Sciences) in Arabic, but a shorter work. After al-Juwayni's death in 1085, al-Ghazali departed from Nishapur and joined the court of Nizam al-Mulk, the powerful vizier of the Seljuq sultans, which was likely centered in Isfahan. The Decisive Criterion for Distinguishing Islam from Clandestine Unbelief, Al-Ghazali lays out in The Decisive Criterion for Distinguishing Islam from Clandestine Unbelief his approach to Muslim orthodoxy. [33] Among his other works, the Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers") is a significant landmark in the history of philosophy, as it advances the critique of Aristotelian science developed later in 14th-century Europe. View the profiles of people named Muhammad Al Ghazali. Several works have also been falsely ascribed to him, and others are of doubtful authenticity. It had numerous positive reactions, and Al-Ghazali at that point composed a condensed form in Persian under the title Kimiya-yi sa'adat ("The Alchemy of Happiness"). Al-Ghazali contributed significantly to the development of a systematic view of Sufism and its integration and acceptance in mainstream Islam. ", At the insistence of his students in Jerusalem, al-Ghazali wrote a concise exposition of Islam. Professor of Arabic and Islāmic Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1964–79. Facebook gives people the power … Al-Ghazali essentially formulates two main arguments for what he views as a sacrilegious thought process. Translation of the Ihya ulum al-din (The Revival of Religious Sciences), Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī (, Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-, Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya), Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya), Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī, Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya), Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya), Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya), Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī, Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam), Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh), Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī), Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī, Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī, Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī, Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī, Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī, Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī, Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī, Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī, This page was last edited on 27 February 2021, at 12:36. Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421. Margaret Smith writes in her book Al-Ghazali: The Mystic (London 1944): "There can be no doubt that al-Ghazali’s works would be among the first to attract the attention of these European scholars" (page 220). "about five dozen authentic works, in addition to which some 300 other titles of works of uncertain, doubtful, or spurious authorship, many of them duplicates owing to varying titles, are cited in Muslim bibliographical literature. This book serves as a culmination of the transformation Ghazali goes through during his spiritual awakening. His 11th century book titled The Incoherence of the Philosophers marks a major turn in Islamic epistemology. He believed that wealth earned could be used in two potential manners. Harding, Karen (1993-07-01). Ia berasal dari keluarga yang sederhana. The book was most probably written during the last years of his life. Abú Hámid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazálí (arabsky أبو حامد محمد بن محمد الغزالي ; cca 1058 Tūs, Mašhad – 19. prosince 1111), latinsky zvaný Algazel, byl perský a islámský filozof píšící převážně v arabském jazyce. Al-Ghazali had an important influence on both later Muslim philosophers and Christian medieval philosophers. During his life, he wrote over 70 books on science, Islamic reasoning and Sufism. Al-Ghazali likewise assumed a noteworthy part in spreading Sufism and Sharia. Nama asli Imam Al-Ghazali adalah Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad Al-Ghazali at-Thusi as-Syafi'i. Al-Ghazālī’s abandonment of his career and adoption of a mystical, monastic life is defended in the autobiographical work al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl (The Deliverer from Error). His treatise on early education centered on Islamic laws, God, and memorizing the Qur'an to achieve literary skill. The Incoherence also marked a turning point in Islamic philosophy in its vehement rejections of Aristotle and Plato. Zād-e Ākherat (Provision for the hereafter) is an important Persian book of al-Ghazali but gained less scholarly attention. [46], The autobiography al-Ghazali wrote towards the end of his life, Deliverance From Error (المنقذ من الضلال al-munqidh min al-ḍalāl), is considered a work of major importance. [52] However, the Prophet explicitly states that there must be a middle ground for man, in order to practice the tenets of Islam faithfully. [35] He was born in Tabaran, a town in the district of Tus, Khorasan (now part of Iran),[34] not long after Seljuk captured Baghdad from the Shia Buyid and established a Sunni Caliphate under a commission from the Abbasid Dynasty in 1055 AD. The greater part of it consists of the Persian translation of one of his Arabic books, Bedāyat al-Hedāya (Beginning of Guidance). Traditional Islamist's are influenced by Ghazali's writings since he was indebted to writing about and incorporating Sharia Law. Die ersten Unterweisungen erhielt er in seinem Heimatdorf. [...] For all his historical importance in the process of introducing logic into the madrasa, the logic that Ghazâlî defended was too dilute to be recognizably Farabian or Avicennan. After some time in Damascus and Jerusalem, with a visit to Mecca in November 1096, al-Ghazālī settled in Ṭūs, where Sufi disciples joined him in a virtually monastic communal life. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Al-Ghazali was a direct student of Al-Juwayni", The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides, The Spirit of Creativity: Basic Mechanisms of Creative Achievements, The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources, "Did al-Ghazali kill the science in Islam? "[70], Al-Ghazali has been seen by Orientalist scholars of causing a decline in scientific advancement in Islam because of his refutation of the new philosophies of his time. Muhammad al-Ghazali has been acknowledged in this world as one of the elite scholars in the history of Islam. The introduction to the book relates that Al-Ghazali wrote the book in response to a certain king who had asked him for advice. [27] The second argument Ghazali makes is that because humans can only imagine the time before the creation of the world, and your imagination is a fictional thing, that all the time before the world was created is fictional as well, and therefore does not matter as it was not intended by God to be understood by humans. Frank Griffel, Al-Ghazali's Philosophical Theology, p. 77. Updates? Later Muslim medieval historians say that Abû HâmidMuhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazâlî was born in 1058 or 1059in Tabarân-Tûs (15 miles north of modern Meshed, NE Iran),yet notes about his age in his letters and his autobiography indicatethat he was born in 1055 or 1056 (Griffel 2009, 23–25).Al-Ghazâlî received his early education in his hometown ofTus together with his brother Ahmad (c.1060–1123 or1126) who became a famous preacher and Sufi scholar. Imam Al-Ghazali nama lengkapnya adalah Abu Hamid Muhammad Ibnu Muhammad Al-Ghazali, yang terkenal dengan hujjatul Islam (argumentator islam) karena jasanya yang besar di dalam menjaga islam dari pengaruh ajaran bid’ah dan aliran rasionalisme yunani. They emphasize, "His mastery of philosophical logic and reasoning earned him the title of philosopher without losing his status as a religious scholar. Another Persian work is Hamāqāti ahli ibāhat or Raddi ebāhīyya (Condemnation of antinomians) which is his fatwa in Persian illustrated with Quranic verses and Hadiths.
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