Russia is experiencing a regrowth of microelectronics, with the revival of JCS Mikron. Russia is a major producer of cobalt, chrome, copper, gold, lead, manganese, nickel, platinum, tungsten, vanadium, and zinc. Steady earnings from oil exports permitted investments in factories, and the devalued currency made Russian goods more competitive on the international market. It is also the second-largest exporter of petroleum. Thus, the bulk of the grain continues to be produced by very large agricultural enterprises, particularly those in the Northern Caucasus and in the Volga economic regions. With access to the substantial resources of both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, marine fishing is particularly well developed, and Russia’s fleet of factory ships can process huge catches at remote locations. This is possible because many Russians pay no rent or house payments, owning their own home after privatization of state-owned Soviet housing. Moskva (Moscow) Alliance. Much of Siberia’s electricity output is transmitted to the European region along high-voltage lines. [93], On 1 January 2004, the Government of Russia established the Stabilization fund of the Russian Federation as a part of the federal budget to balance it if oil price falls. "Merge the Posts of Chairman & General Secretary" take "This doesn´t seem like a good idea...", this event shows up when the focus … ersadfsdef. About three-fifths of Russian farmland is used to grow crops; the remainder is devoted to pasture and meadow. [40] [77][78] Russia also has the second-largest volume of illicit money outflows, having lost over $880 billion between 2002 and 2011 in this way. Its coal reserves are particularly extensive. It was based on the policies associated with the Washington Consensus, recommendations of the IMF and a group of top American economists, including Larry Summers. Capital. Starting at the beginning of the Weltkrieg up until 1936. A small mod fixing a bug with the Russian Republic that is (still) present in Kaiserreich 0.16. The Bolshis were too arrogant to keep Russia in line. Liberia controls the West African Union states surrounding it. ... and a strong underground internal oposition coupled with extreme reasource scarcity from being cut of from the global economy. On 1 February 2008 the Stabilization fund was divided into two parts. By the 1950s, the Soviet Union had rapidly evolved from a mainly agrarian society into a major industrial power. The Russian republic, by virtue of its great size and abundant natural resources, played a leading role in the economy of the Soviet Union. Within services the most important segments are: wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods (17% of total GDP); public administration, health and education (12%); real estate (9%) and transport storage and communications (7%). Russia's vast geography is an important determinant of its economic activity, with some sources estimating that Russia contains over 30 percent of the world's natural resources. Mementente (Formerly Alliance of the Three Emperors) Government. [74] In dollar-denominated terms this amounted to a more than sevenfold increase in disposable incomes since 2000. Russian software exports have risen from just $120 million in 2000 to $3.3 billion in 2010. In general, the old collective farms and state farms have continued to function in post-Soviet Russia, though they have often been renamed as cooperatives or labour-management firms. [156] Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring theme route of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the Volga, and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Others include: Italy, France, Japan and United States. [128], Space industry of Russia consists of over 100 companies and employs 250,000 people. [44] Disposable incomes more than doubled and in dollar-denominated terms increased eightfold. Others include: pharmaceuticals, textile and footwear, plastics and optical instruments. Nuclear power production expanded rapidly before development was checked by the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine in 1986. Coal mines in regions with access to large reserves of oil and natural gas fared better. In the end of the focus "Political Commissars", a event called; "T.E Lawrence Offers His Servises" will show up, choose "Lawrence shall be valuable in spreading the Revolution" and make a place for him in the internal General Staff. Exports in Russia is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. In 2009 the Russian construction industry survived its most difficult year in more than a decade. Russia has enormous energy resources and significant deposits of many different minerals. [76] However, these gains have been distributed unevenly, as the 110 wealthiest individuals were found in a report by Credit Suisse to own 35% of all financial assets held by Russian households. [84][85], In January 2016, the US company Bloomberg rated Russia's economy as the 12th most innovative in the world,[86] up from 14th in January 2015[87] and 18th in January 2014. Total amount of premiums charged (without CHI) in 2013 is RUB 904.9 bln (increase on 11.8% compared to 2012), total amount of claims paid is RUB 420.8 bln (increase on 13.9% compared to 2012). Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways monopoly. Russia produces about one-third of all canned fish and some one-fourth of the world’s total fresh and frozen fish. Take advantage of our Presidents' Day bonus! According to a UNWTO report, Russia is the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, as of 2018, with 24.6 million visits. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. USD which translates to 5.456 bil. By the early 21st century, the measures had begun to have a positive effect on the Russian economy, which showed signs of recovery and stable growth. On Sunday, April 19, 2019, Kaiser Wilhelm II returned from his long exile to reclaim his throne. [148] Meanwhile, the fastest growing segment of the IT market is offshore programming. You will likely spend the first year navigating the web of power players and political intrigue in … The country produces much of its aluminum from plants powered by the Siberian hydroelectric stations, but bauxite deposits are relatively meagre. [44], After eighteen years of negotiations, Russia's membership to the WTO was accepted in 2011. As of 2019[update], Russia is the third-biggest exporters of arms in the world, behind only to the United States and China. [61] Nevertheless, in 2007 the World Bank declared that the Russian economy achieved "unprecedented macroeconomic stability". Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia had undergone a radical transformation, moving from a centrally planned economy to a globally integrated market economy. Starting in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to address economic problems by moving towards a market-oriented socialist economy. As a consequence, in 2009 the IT market in Russia declined by more than 20% in ruble terms and by one-third in euro terms. [92] The budget deficit narrowed to 0.6% of GDP in 2017 from 2.8% in 2016. The government has launched a program promoting construction of IT-oriented technology parks (Technoparks)—special zones that have an established infrastructure and enjoy a favorable tax and customs regime, in seven different places around the country: Moscow, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, Tumen, Republic of Tatarstan and St. Peterburg Regions. [55], Between 2000 and 2008, Russian economy got a major boost from rising commodity prices. Similar risks have also spread to areas east of the Urals. The first true military action in the war was Soviet forces moving into and seizing Belarus after crushing the local forces and capturing King Sigismund Hohenzollern who was promptly executed by the reds. There are important inland fisheries on lakes and rivers, including a good deal of fish farming. Following Napoleon's defeat, the 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna replaced the Holy Roman Empire with the German Confederation, made up of 38 independent states. Fishing for beluga sturgeon in the Volga River, Volgograd, Russia. [88] Russia has the world's 15th highest patent application rate, the 8th highest concentration of high-tech public companies, such as internet and aerospace and the third highest graduation rate of scientists and engineers. The first part is a reserve fund equal to 10% of GDP (10% of GDP equals to about $200 billion now), and was to be invested in a similar way as the Stabilization Fund. Agriculture accounts for the remaining 2%. [114] Fossil fuels cause most of the greenhouse gas emissions by Russia. This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Imports. As of 2016[update], Russia had 1,452.2 km of roads;[140] and its road density is the lowest among the BRICS. The volume of decisions facing planners in Moscow became overwhelming. RUB. For purposes of description it is convenient to refer to the official set of 11 traditional economic regions into which Russia is divided (though the federal districts created in 2000 have begun to replace the traditional economic regions for statistical purposes). An upsurge in violence by organized crime syndicates contributed to hampering Western investment, and though the activity of such groups was curtailed in the early 21st century, it still presented severe obstacles to both Western and Russian businesses. [123] Russia is the home to the finest caviar in the world;[124] and maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets, ranking sixth in the world in tonnage of fish caught; capturing 4,773,413 tons of fish in 2018. The cumbersome procedures for bureaucratic administration foreclosed the free communication and flexible response required at the enterprise level for dealing with worker alienation, innovation, customers, and suppliers. Russia entered the Weltkrieg to protect its ally, Serbia, from Austro-Hungarian annexation in 1914 and subsequently fought a war across three fronts while isolated from its allies in the Entente for three years. [95], Russia was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2020; ranking 129th out of 180 countries. The biggest sector in terms of revenue is system and network integration, which accounts for 28.3% of the total market revenues. [51] Many of them promptly invested their newfound wealth abroad producing an enormous capital flight.[52]. Emperor Kyril Romanov I of Russia. Kaiserreich: Legacy of the Weltkrieg. A list of events preceding the events of Kaiserreich. [72] Russia is rated one of the most unequal of the world’s major economies. International sanctions were imposed on Russia following, sfn error: no target: CITEREFDavies1998 (, short range/long range ballistic missiles, Economic history of the Russian Federation, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Natural Resources and Environment Ministry, Stabilization fund of the Russian Federation, one of the lowest foreign debts among major economies, List of countries by natural gas proven reserves, Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, compulsory motor third party liability market (CMTPL), "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020", "World Economic Outlook Update, June 2020", "Russia: EU prolongs economic sanctions by six months", "Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Russian Federation", "Europe Central Asia Economic Update, Spring 2020 : Fighting COVID-19", "Gini index (World Bank estimate) - Russian Federation", "Labor force, total - Russian Federation", "Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate)", "Занятость и безработица в Российской Федерации в декабре 2017 года", https://russian.doingbusiness.org/ru/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2020, "The Ministry of Finance was advised to increase the national debt", "Russia on Cusp of Exiting Junk as S&P Outlook Goes Positive", "Moody's changes outlook on Russia's Ba1 government bond rating to stable from negative", "Russia's Outlook Raised to Stable by Fitch on Policy Action", "Scope upgrades Russia's long-term credit rating to BBB, and revises the Outlook to Stable", "International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period)", Russia's Natural Resources and their Economic Effects, Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, "India Partner Country at INNOPROM-2016 Show: Russia: (11-14 July 2016, Yekaterinburg, Russia)", "The Future of Russia as an Energy Superpower", "China passes Russia as No. -the national populist party NRPR [national republican party of russia] goes bankrupt -with the end of the year starting to come the economy has managed to recover from black monday (edited by Panch molina) Kaiserreich: The Second October Revolution is a submod for the Russian Socialist Republic that changes and adds more to the socialist nation. [122], While large farms concentrate mainly on grain production and animal husbandry, while small private household plots produce most of the country's potatoes, vegetables and fruits. Russia is among the world’s leading producers of oil, extracting about one-fifth of the global total. [154] According to Federal Agency for Tourism, the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019. The ministry projected growth of 0.5% for 2014. The total length of common-used railway tracks exceeds 85,500 km (53,127 mi),[139] second only to the United States. [citation needed] The research organization Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies ranked the air defense system producer Almaz-Antey as the industry's most successful company in 2007, followed by aircraft-maker Sukhoi. Among the particular segments, the biggest share of the Russian IT market still belongs to hardware. Thus, if "banking" lines of business are excluded, Russian insurance market is in stagnation stage for the last four years, as premiums to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remains at the same level of 1.1% since 2010.[145]. [70] This led to the decline of the Russian ruble and sparked fears of a Russian financial crisis. [153] Russia is ranked 39th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. [147], Under a government decree signed On June 2013, a special "roadmap" is expected to ease business suppliers’ access to the procurement programs of state-owned infrastructure monopolies, including such large ones as Gazprom, Rosneft, Russian Railways, Rosatom, and Transneft. Legislation was implemented in the late 1990s to moderate further deforestation. Deputy Finance Minister Sergei Storchak estimated it would reach 600–700 billion rubles by 1 February 2008. WARNING: LOTS OF INTRO WAFFLE IN THIS VIDEO, SKIP AHEAD IF IT BORES YOU. Industry contributes 40% to total output. ... Kaiserreich RP Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Economic Developments. The most renowned railway in Russia is the Trans-Siberian Railway, the longest railway-line in the world. The decree puts special emphasis on purchases of innovation products and technologies. That allows you to make more accurate comparisons of the economies of two countries. In 2015, Russia main exports are oil and natural gas (62.8% of total exports), ores and metals (5.9%), chemical products (5.8%), machinery and transport equipment (5.4%) and food (4.7%). For example, the licensing of private banks became more rigorous, and the government cracked down on tax evasion, which had been rampant since the implementation of economic reforms. Much of the reason for the recovery was the devaluation of the ruble, which made domestic producers more competitive nationally and internationally. Historically, from 1997 until 2013, Russia balance of trade averaged 8338.23 USD million reaching an all-time high of 20647 USD million in December 2011 and a record low of −185 USD million in February 1998. Better save them for after the war. ", "Russia's Wealth Inequality One Of Highest In The World", "Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries: 2002-2011", "Forbes Top 10 Billionaire Cities - Moscow Beats New York Again", "According To The IMF, Russia's Economy Is Already In A Recession", "Falling oil prices: Who are the winners and losers? Russia's economy is $4.2 trillion as measured by its 2018 gross domestic product. Another significant source of reserves is the Volga-Ural zone, and the remainder is derived mainly from the Komi-Ukhta field (North region); the North Caucasus region, once the Soviet Union’s leading producer, is now of little importance. [138], Key data on the telecommunications market in Russia[136]. [28][29][30] The World Bank estimates the total value of Russia's natural resources at $75 trillion US dollars. Russia's economy is the world's eleventh-largest. The intensity of farming and the yields achieved are generally much higher in the European section than in Siberia. However, Russian forests have very slow rates of growth because of the cold, continental climate, and the country has lost about one-third of its estimated original forest area. [63][64][65] A sharp, but brief recession in Russia was followed by a strong recovery beginning in late 2009. The great bulk of oil and natural gas comes from the huge fields that underlie the northern part of the West Siberia region. ", "О производстве и использовании валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП) за 2017 год", "Russian Economy Crawled to Growth With Recession in Rearview", These Are the World's Most Innovative Economies, "Russia's Natural Resources Make Up 60% of GDP", "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", "Russia's Budget Deficit to Reach $21Bln in 2016 – Finance Ministry", "Stabilization Fund to Be Converted into National Prosperity", "В России предложили создать должность омбудсмена по борьбе с коррупцией", "Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective", "Russia lost 4 billion dollars on unfavorable state procurement contracts in the last year", "Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery", "Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine", "New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption | Voice of America – English", "Did A New Pipeline Just Make Russia The Most Important Energy Superpower By Far? Russia has been frequently described as an energy superpower;[106] with the world's largest natural gas reserves,[107] the second-largest coal reserves,[108] the eighth-largest oil reserves,[109] and the largest oil shale reserves in Europe. The production of hard (anthracite) coal in European Russia takes place mainly in the eastern Donets Basin and, in the Arctic, in the Pechora Basin around Vorkuta. [36], The economic development of the country has been uneven geographically; with the country's capital Moscow contributing a very large share of the country's GDP. ... Notes on the victorious German military and its economy 1)The German army and general staff have won the war thanks to the adoption of a new doctrine consisting of fast movement of armoured spearheads and motorised infiltration to break up solid fronts. Extensive pipeline systems link production sites to all regions of the country, the neighbouring former Soviet republics, and, across the western frontier, numerous European countries. Russia’s chief Pacific port is Vladivostok, but there are several others, particularly in Sakhalin and Kamchatka provinces. [42] For example, the director of a factory during the Soviet regime would often become the owner of the same enterprise. [157] Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include Red Square, the Peterhof Palace, the Kazan Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Lake Baikal.[158]. Following the annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and Russia's involvement in the ongoing War in Donbass, the United States, the European Union, Canada and Japan imposed sanctions on Russia. In European Russia the proportion of land devoted to crops increases southward, from virtually none in the North region to about two-thirds in the Central Black Earth region. In the early phases of the Second Russian Civil War, red forces lead by Marshall Mikhail Tukhachevsky managed to seize most of the population and industrial centres of the Russian empire. The remaining farmland is devoted to industrial crops, such as sunflowers, sugar beets, and flax, and to potatoes and other vegetables. Head of State. [75] This growth was a combined result of the 2000s commodities boom, high oil prices, as well as prudent economic and fiscal policies. Russia recorded a trade surplus of USD$15.8 billion in 2013. Stalin Constitution focuses on manpower and research 3. Russia's economy was the eleventh largest in the world. The country is among the world leaders in the production of many other wood-related products, and timber, saw lumber, pulp, paper, cardboard, and roundwood contribute to Russia’s export income. According to the new decree, by 2015, government-connected companies must double their purchases of Russian technology solutions compared to the 2013 level and their purchasing levels must quadruple by 2018. In Russia, services are the biggest sector of the economy and account for 58% of GDP. Imports in Russia decreased to 21296 USD million in January 2013 from 31436 USD million in December 2012. However, the removal of state subsidies also forced the closure of many unprofitable mines. [73], Between 2000 and 2012 Russia's energy exports fueled a rapid growth in living standards, with real disposable income rising by 160%. Known Russian IT companies are ABBYY (FineReader OCR system and Lingvo dictionaries), Kaspersky Lab (Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security), Mail.Ru (portal, search engine, mail service, Mail.ru Agent messenger, ICQ, Odnoklassniki social network, online media sources). After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian government implemented a series of radical reforms designed to transform the economy from one that was centrally planned and controlled to one based on capitalist principles. As before, life insurance and accident insurance are often used by banks as an appendix to a credit contract protecting creditors from the risk of credit default in case of borrower’s death or disability. In the years that followed, Kerensky saw some success as President, rebuilding the country and growing the economy under his " New Economic Policy ". By the 1970s the Soviet Union entered the Era of Stagnation. [68] In 2012 oil, gas and petroleum products accounted for over 70% of total exports. Major components of the reforms included establishing privately owned industrial and commercial ventures (using both foreign and Russian investment) and privatizing state-owned enterprises. Leading launch vehicle producers are Khrunichev and TsSKB Progress. Thread starter RiverDelta; Start date Dec 30, ... Russia, UoB, and America are all run by ladies. [118], Russia is also a leading producer and exporter of minerals and gold. The share of premiums in household spending increased to 1.39%. GDP grew on average 7% per year. Although there is steel production in every economic region, the largest steel-producing plants are located mainly in the Urals, Central Black Earth region, and Kuznetsk Basin. Russia runs regular trade surpluses primarily due to exports of commodities. Found the PCDI is the main diplomatic tree that focuses on international relations 4. [59][60], Inflation remained a problem however, as the central bank aggressively expanded money supply to combat appreciation of the ruble. At the same time premium to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remained at the same level of 1.1% as in 2012. Russia has a large and sophisticated arms industry, capable of designing and manufacturing high-tech military equipment, including a fifth-generation fighter jet, nuclear powered submarines, firearms, and short range/long range ballistic missiles. [136] In December 2006, Tom Phillips, chief government and regulatory affairs officer of the GSM Association stated: The financial crisis, which had already hit the country at the end of 2008, caused a sharp reduction of the investments by the business sectors and a notable reduction of IT budget made by government in 2008–2009. [132], Russia's telecommunications industry is growing in size and maturity. The harshness of the Russian environment is reflected in the small proportion of land that is used for farming. Among Russia's 1,216 airports,[142] the busiest are Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, and Vnukovo in Moscow, and Pulkovo in Saint Petersburg. [155] Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion. [127], Aircraft manufacturing is an important industry sector in Russia, employing around 355,300 people. That's using purchasing power parity which compensates for government manipulation of exchange rates. USD, whereas the number of deals peaked in 2010 with 3,684 (964 compared to the value record year 2007). Such growth of software outsourcing in Russia is caused by a number of factors. Main trading partners are: China (7% of total exports and 10% of imports), Germany (7% of exports and 8% of imports) and Italy. The 0.8% reduction recorded by the industry for the first three quarters of 2010 looked remarkably healthy in comparison with the 18.4% slump recorded the previous year, and construction firms became much more optimistic about the future than in previous months.
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